Reactions Of Halogenoalkanes 1 Chemsheets Answers Exclusive -

Reactions of Halogenoalkanes

Common nucleophiles in Chemsheets exercises:

“The outcome depends on three things: the structure of the halogenoalkane (primary/secondary/tertiary), the strength and bulkiness of the nucleophile/base, and the temperature/solvent.”

Q3: Product of 1-bromopropane + ethanolic KOH?

Temperature

| Factor | Favors Substitution (SN2 or SN1) | Favors Elimination (E2 or E1) | |---|---|---| | | Lower temp (25°C) | Higher temp (>60°C, reflux) | | Nucleophile/Base | Strong nucleophile, weak bulky base (e.g., OH⁻, CN⁻, NH₃) | Strong, bulky base (e.g., KOH in ethanol , not water; or tert-butoxide) | | Halogenoalkane structure | Primary (SN2 only); Tertiary (SN1) | Tertiary (E1 or E2); primary needs strong bulky base (E2) | | Solvent | Polar protic (water, alcohols) for SN1; Polar aprotic (DMSO, acetone) for SN2 | Polar protic also works; non-polar favors E2 |

) from a carbon atom adjacent to the C-X bond, causing the halide to leave and a double bond to form. 3. Trends in Reactivity (The "Why") reactions of halogenoalkanes 1 chemsheets answers exclusive

Reagent:

R−X+OH−→R−OH+X−cap R minus cap X plus cap O cap H raised to the negative power right arrow cap R minus cap O cap H plus cap X raised to the negative power B. Reaction with Potassium Cyanide ( CN−cap C cap N raised to the negative power KCNcap K cap C cap N in ethanol/water Conditions: Reflux Nucleophile: Cyanide ion ( Product: Nitrile NaOH(aq), warm: Propan-1-ol (nucleophilic substitution)